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Abstract Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), also known as the "Andean Moon Moth", is a Neotropical species native to continental Chile whose larvae feed on species of the families Gomortegaceae, Laureaceae and Winteraceae. We describe and document C. frauenfeldii immature stages, namely, egg, its four larval instars, and chaetotaxy of the last instar, pupa and cocoon for the first time. In terms of its phenology, we extend its larval activity, originally described to occur between November and mid-December, to June until the end of January. We report the adult flight period depends on the species' distributional range following two well-differentiated patterns: February to mid-April in Central-North Chile and April to June in Central-South Chile. Furthermore, we provide a unified view of its current distributional range and host plants (including the endangered tree Gomortega keule) through bibliographic data, field observations and laboratory rearing. Finally, we discuss aspects of the species' conservation as part of the unique ecosystems found in the temperate forests of southern South-America.
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Abstract Macaria kruegeri Vargas, Hausmann & Parra sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on adults reared from larvae collected on the shrub Adesmia spinosissima Meyen (Fabaceae) at about 3200 m elevation in the Andes of northern Chile. Macaria kruegeri resembles Macaria alba (Bartlett-Calvert, 1893), described from southern Chile. However, the two species can be accurately separated based on subtle differences in wing pattern and the shape of the valvula of the male genitalia. In addition, there is a DNA barcode divergence (COI gene) of 4.9% between both taxa.
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Stenoptilodes juanfernandicus Gielis, 1991 (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) was described from the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile; it was subsequently recorded from the Galápagos Islands and mainland Ecuador. Its larva and pupa are described and illustrated for the first time with the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy. Descriptions are based on specimens collected as larvae displaying cryptic coloration feeding on inflorescences of Verbena hispida Ruiz Pav. (Verbenaceae) in the Andes of northern Chile. Several differences were found with the larva and pupa of congeneric representatives, suggesting that immature morphology should be further explored to assess its value in the taxonomy and systematics of Stenoptilodes Zimmerman, 1958. Verbena hispida is the first host plant recorded for S. juanfernandicus, a finding that will be helpful to further explore different Neotropical environments to better characterize the geographic range of this plume moth.
Assuntos
Lepidópteros , Mariposas , Animais , Chile , Equador , Larva , PupaRESUMO
Latitudinal gradient effect on the wing geometry of Auca coctei (Guérin) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). When the environmental conditions change locally, the organisms and populations may also change in response to the selection pressure, so that the development of individuals may become affected in different degrees. There have been only a few studies in which the patterns of wing morphology variation have been looked into along a latitudinal gradient by means of geometric morphometrics. The aim of this work was to assess the morphologic differentiation of wing among butterfly populations of the species Auca coctei. For this purpose, 9 sampling locations were used which are representative of the distribution range of the butterfly and cover a wide latitudinal range in Chile. The wing morphology was studied in a total of 202 specimens of A. coctei (150 males and 52 females), based on digitization of 17 morphologic landmarks. The results show variation of wing shape in both sexes; however, for the centroid size there was significant variation only in females. Females show smaller centroid size at higher latitudes, therefore in this study the Bergmann reverse rule is confirmed for females of A. coctei. Our study extends morphologic projections with latitude, suggesting that wing variation is an environmental response from diverse origins and may influence different characteristics of the life history of a butterfly.
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A replacement name for Hualpenia Mundaca, Parra & Vargas (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). Vihualpenia nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Hualpenia Mundaca, Parra & Vargas, 2013 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), in order to remove homonymy with Hualpenia Franz, 1996 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae).
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A new genus and species of leaf miner (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) for Chile associated to the native tree Lithraea caustica. We propose the new genus and species of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) Hualpenia lithraeophaga Mundaca, Parra &Vargas gen. nov., sp. nov., leaf miner of Lithraea caustica (Mol.) H. et Arn (Anacardiaceae) occurring in southern central Chile. Aspects of the life cycle, adult and larval morphology, development and feeding habits of the new genus and species are also presented. We emphasise the uniqueness and importance of this new species for broadening the current knowledge on the Chilean fauna of Gracillariidae.
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Insects in many species vary greatly in the expression of secondary sexual traits, resulting in sexual dimorphism, which has been proposed to be a consequence of differences in sexual selection. In this study, we analyze the occurrence of sexual shape dimorphism and the correlation between geometric body size in males and females and sex ratio in the genus Ceroglossus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) using geometric morphometrics and randomization analysis. Our results show a positive relationship between the centroid size of males and females and sex ratio. However, we also observed a trend to maintain a "similar" body shape between sexes and species due to characteristics associated with sexual selection of the group in which the scarcity of outstanding morphological characters does not restrict reproduction capacity. The trend in sexual proportions was found to be near 1:1 for the eight species. We propose that the observed differences between sexes associated with the sex ratio are due to an energy cost caused by sexual selection; nevertheless, since proportions are similar for all the species, it is really not relevant to generate more conspicuous structures for a stronger male-male competence.
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Tamanho Corporal , Besouros/fisiologia , Razão de Masculinidade , Animais , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Heterobathmia pseuderiocrania Kristensen & Nielsen (Lepidoptera, Heterobathmiidae): identification based on DNA-barcoding and notes on the morphology and life history of the immature stages. The larva morphology of the species Heterobathmia pseuderiocrania (Lepidoptera, Heterobathmiidae), a Nothofagus obliqua leafminer in Chile, is described. The tissue-feeding first and last instars are described. Also, the number of larval stages, some aspects of the biology and life cycle of the species are provided.
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Bees and wasps could exhibit shape and size sexual dimorphism, and most of their morphological variation could depend on phenotypic responses due to environmental pressure during ontogenetic development. More complex measurement techniques related to size and shape rather than simply to mass and length should be required to analyze such a complex sexual dimorphism. In this study, differences related to wing shape and size of males and females of Ophion intricatus Brullé (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were evaluated using geometric morphometrics. Right and left wings of specimens were used, and a photographic matrix was constructed in which 18 morphological landmarks based on shape and vein patterns of the wings were digitalized. A multivariate analysis of wing shape showed significant differences between sexes and sites. The geometric variation demonstrated that the points at the intersection of radial and cubital-anal veins might be key characters to differentiate between sexes. This study also showed the presence of two clearly different male morphotypes coexisting in the same study site. However, it should be noted that the results of this study showed that the variation in wing shape is an analytical character in the determination of sexual differences in the family Ichneumonidae. These differences raise the question of whether sexual dimorphism of wing shape may be modulated by natural selection.
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Vespas/anatomia & histologia , Asas de Animais/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Chile , Ecossistema , Feminino , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Seleção Genética , Caracteres Sexuais , Vespas/classificaçãoRESUMO
La capacidad de un organismo para producir un fenotipo ideal, pese a las perturbaciones encontradas durante su desarrollo, es el mecanismo causal de la estabilidad del desarrollo (ED). Esta capacidad es utilizada para evaluar variedad de tipos de estrés y la capacidad genotípica de corregirlos. La herramienta de medición más utilizada para estimar la ED es la asimetría fluctuante (AF), siendo esta una medida de las pequeñas desviaciones al azar que ocurren entre el lado izquierdo y derecho de rasgos bilateralmente simétricos. El estudio de AF, por su simplicidad de manejo y rapidez en la obtención de resultados, se ha convertido en un foco de interés para la biología, y durante los últimos años el aumento en artículos publicados usando AF para evaluar perturbaciones en la ED ha sido progresivo, pero aun así existen muchas interrogantes de cuales son las causas subyacentes que generan la AF. La presente revisión recopila información sobre el avance en los estudios del uso de la AF, su metodología, mecanismos, ventajas y controversias en el tiempo, y propone que es estrictamente necesario generar una mejor comprensión de esta herramienta, producto de eso, la utilización de modelos más exactos de estudio que signifiquen (o justifiquen) un enfoque unificado en el análisis de los patrones en AF y ED.
The ability of an organism to produce an ideal phenotype, despite the disturbances encountered during its development is the causal mechanism of the developmental stability (DS). This ability is used to evaluate a variety of stress types and the genotypic ability to correct them. The measurement tool mostly used to estimate the DS is the fluctuating asymmetry (FA), this being a small measure of random deviations that occur between the left and right sides of bilaterally symmetrical features. The study of FA management in its simplicity and speed in obtaining results has become the focus of interest in biology, and during the last years, and although there has been a progressive increase in published articles using FA to evaluate disturbances in the DS, many questions remain as to what constitutes the underlying causes that generate FA. This review compiles information on the progress in studies of FA use, its methodology, mechanisms, benefits and controversies in time, and proposes that it is strictly necessary to generate a better understanding of this tool, and as a result the use of more precise study models that justify a unified approach to the analysis of patterns in FA and DS.
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Animais , Biologia do Desenvolvimento , Instabilidade Genômica , Genótipo , Fenótipo , Seleção GenéticaRESUMO
A new case constructing adelid moth from Chile (Lepidoptera). The adult and larva of Ceromitia tubulifolia sp. nov. are described and illustrated. The larvae seem to be associated with sclerophyllous forest of central Chile. The larvae make a protective case from of a piece of leaf. The name phylloikos is proposed for this form of larval case. A review of the morphology and bionomics of this species are provided.
Uma nova mariposa Adelidae (Lepidoptera) construtora de casulo do Chile. O adulto e a larva de Ceromitia tubulifolia sp. nov. são descritos e ilustrados. As larvas parecem estar associadas à mata esclerófila do Chile central. A larva utiliza um pedaço de folha para construir uma estrutura protetora denominada phylloikos. Comentários sobre aspectos morfológicos e bionômicos da espécie são apresentados.
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Estudio filogenético de los géneros de Lithinini de Sudamérica Austral (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): una nueva clasificación. Se evalúa la taxonomía de la tribu Lithinini de Sudamérica Austral sobre la base de un análisis filogenético. Para el análisis se utilizó a Catophoenissa como grupo externo. Se usaron dos aproximaciones filogenéticas para evaluar las relaciones de parentesco: 1) criterio de parsimonia; e 2) inferencia bayesiana. El análisis de parsimonia se realizó a través del programa PAUP y el análisis bayesiano con cadenas de Markov y Monte Carlo a través del programa BayesPhylogenies. Los resultados generados a partir de la hipótesis filogenética permiten proponer una nueva taxonomía para los Lithinini de Sudamérica Austral. Los géneros validos son: Asestra Warren, Acauro Rindge, Calta Rindge, Euclidiodes Warren, Franciscoia Orfila y Schajovskoy, Incalvertia Bartlett-Calvert, Lacaria Orfila y Schajovskoy, Laneco Rindge, Maeandrogonaria Butler, Martindoelloia Orfila y Schajovskoy, Nucara Rindge, Odontothera Butler, Proteopharmacis Warren, Psilaspilates Butler, Rhinoligia Warren, Tanagridia Butler. Los principales cambios respecto de ordenamientos taxonómicos previos son: 1) Yalpa Rindge, es tratado como sinónimo junior de Odontothera. 2) El género Rhinoligia Warren es incorporado a los Lithinini; 3) Se reafirma que Siopla Rindge es sinónimo junior de Asestra, Yapoma Rindge y Duraglia Rindge son sinónimos de Euclidiodes Warren, mientras que Callemo Rindge y Guara Rindge son sinónimos de Tanagridia; 4) Los géneros Calta Rindge, Incalvertia Rindge, Odontothera Butler y Proteopharmacis Warren, sinonimizados por Pitkin, son redefinidos, revalidados e incorporados a la tribu Lithinini. Se describe una nueva especie para el género Franciscoia, F. ediliae Parra. Se incluye un catálogo con los géneros y especies de la tribu de la región, más las figuras de los adultos y genitalias de las principales especies.
In this work we evaluate the taxonomy of the Lithinini of Austral South America based on a phylogenetic analysis. In our analysis we used outgroup Catophoenissa. Two approaches were used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships: 1) parsimony criterion, and 2) Bayesian inference. Parsimony analysis was conducted in PAUP software, and Bayesian analysis with Markov chains Monte Carlo using the BayesPhylogenies software. Our results based on the phylogenetic hypothesis suggest a new taxonomic order for Austral American Lithinini. The valid genera are: Asestra Warren, Acauro Rindge, Calta Rindge, Euclidiodes Warren, Franciscoia Orfila and Schajovskoy, Incalvertia Bartlett-Calvert, Lacaria Orfila and Schajovskoy, Laneco Rindge, Maeandrogonaria Butler, Martindoelloia Orfila and Schajovskoy, Nucara Rindge, Odontothera Butler, Proteopharmacis Warren, Psilaspilates Butler, Rhinoligia Warren and Tanagridia Butler. The main changes with respect to the previous taxonomic order are: 1) Yalpa Rindge is the synonymous junior of Odontothera; 2) the genus Rhinoligia Warren is incorporated into the Lithinini; 3) while our analysis reaffirms that Siopla Rindge is junior synonym of Asestra, Yapoma Rindge and Duraglia Rindge are synonymous of Euclidiodes Warren, while Callemo Rindge and Guara Rindge are synonymous of Tanagridia; 4) the genus Calta Rindge, Incalvertia Rindge, Odontothera Butler and Proteopharmacis Warren, synonymized by Pitkin, are redefined, revalidated and incorporated into the Lithinini tribe. A new species for the genus Franciscoia, F. ediliae Parra is described. A catalogue of the genera and species of the tribe in the region, and the figures of adults and genitalia of some species are included.
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Ovo, larva e pupa de Chrismopteryx undularia (Blanchard, 1852) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) são descritos e ilustrados.
Egg, larva and pupa of Chrismopteryx undularia (Blanchard, 1852) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) are described and illustrated.
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Se efectuó una prospección de larvas de lepidópteros antófagos asociados a Acacia macracantha Willd. (Fabaceae) en dos valles costeros del norte de Chile: Azapa y Chaca. Fueron registradas ocho especies, distribuidas en ocho géneros y cinco familias. La composición de especies del ensamble fue la misma en las dos localidades. Sin embargo, la abundancia del ensamble y la abundancia por especie fueron diferentes entre los valles.
A survey of anthophagous lepidopteran larvae associated with Acacia macracantha Willd. (Fabaceae) was made in two coastal valleys from northern Chile: Azapa and Chaca. Eight species, distributed in eight genera and five families, were recorded in the areas. Species composition was the same for both localities. However, assemblage abundance and species abundance were different between the valleys.
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Animais , Biodiversidade , Ecologia , Fabaceae , Lepidópteros , Chile , LarvaRESUMO
Se presenta una descripción del adulto de Macaria mirthae sp. nov. (Geometridae: Ennominae: Macariini) sobre la base de ejemplares colectados en el norte de Chile. La morfología genital del macho y de la hembra de M. mirthae es muy similar a la de Macaria abydata Guenée, 1858, especie ampliamente distribuida en el Neotrópico y en la región Indo-Pacífica. Sin embargo, ambas pueden ser fácilmente separadas. Los estados inmaduros de M. mirthae están asociados a Acacia macracantha Humb et Bonpl ex Willd., Prosopis tamarugo Phil. y Geoffroea decorticans (Gill ex Hook et Arn.) Burkart (Fabaceae) en el norte de Chile
A new ennomine species (Geometridae: Ennominae: Macariini) is described from northern Chile: Macaria mirthae sp. nov. Morphology of male and female genitalia of M. mirthae indicates close relationship to Macaria abydata Guenée, 1858. The latter species is widely distributed in the Neotropical and Indo-Pacific regions. Both species can be easily distinguished on the basis of habitus features and male and female genitalia. Larval stages of the new species M. mirthae are associated with Acacia macracantha Humb et Bonpl ex Willd., Prosopis tamarugo Phil. and Geoffroea decorticans (Gill ex Hook et Arn.) Burkart (Fabaceae) in the north of Chile.
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Classificação , Insetos , Lepidópteros , Relatos de Casos , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Se presenta la descripción de una nueva especie de Pterophoridae de Chile perteneciente al género Lioptilodes Zimmerman. La morfología genital de ésta es muy afín a la de Lioptilodes zapalaicus Gielis, 1991 y a la de Lioptilodes aguilaicus Gielis, 1991. Sin embargo, la nueva especie puede ser separada de ambas sobre la base de caracteres genitales. Las larvas de esta nueva especie están asociadas a Haplopapus foliosus (Asteraceae).
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Asteraceae/anatomia & histologia , Lepidópteros/classificaçãoRESUMO
Se describe el adulto de una nueva especie de Eupithecia Curtis, aparentemente endémica de la Pampa del Tamarugal, Chile. Sus larvas son antófagas sobre Prosopis tamarugo Phil. (Fabaceae). Se ilustra el adulto, VIII segmento abdominal del macho y la gentalia del macho y de la hembra.
A description of the adult of a new species of Eupithecia Curtis, apparently endemic to the Pampa del Tamarugal, Chile, is presented. Its larvae are anthophagous on Prosopis tamarugo Phil. (Fabaceae). Adult, male abdominal segment VIII and male and female genitalia are illustrated.
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Lepidópteros/classificação , MariposasRESUMO
Se presenta la descripción del adulto, pupa y larva de Angelabella tecomae gen. nov. sp. nov. Los estados inmaduros de A. tecomae se encuentran asociados a Tecoma fulva G. Don (Bignoniaceae) en el valle de Azapa, Primera Región, Chile. Sólo la larva de primer instar se ubica en la epidermis, mientras que las larvas de instares posteriores se ubican en tejidos más internos. La larva de último instar no se alimenta, sólo presenta el espinerete y los palpos labiales desarrollados, mientras que las restantes piezas bucales están ausentes.
Description of adult, pupae and larvae of Angelabella tecomae gen. nov. sp. nov. are presented. The immature instars of A. tecomae are associated with Tecoma fulva G. Don (Bignoniaceae) in the Azapa valley, First Region, Chile. Only the first instar larva is epidermic. Subsequent instars are located in inner tissues. The final instar larva doesn't feeds, it only has the spinneret and labial palpus developed. Other mouth parts are absents in the final instar larva.
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Lepidópteros/classificaçãoRESUMO
En el mundo occidental, el uso de la circulación extracorpórea continúa siendo el medio más seguro y eficaz para realizar la cirugía de las válvulas cardíacas y el cierre de los defectos septales. De igual forma, se ha estimado que el arresto cardíaco con soluciones cardiopléjicas, es el mejor método para realizar esta clase de cirugías. Sin embargo, pese a las facilidades quirúrgicas que ofrece el período de isquemia con cardioplejía, el daño que éste y la reperfusión añaden a un corazón ya de por si insuficiente, continúa siendo un problema sin resolver. Es probable que poco se pueda hacer para evitar el uso de la circulación extracorpórea en estos casos, pero sí se pueden evitar la isquemia miocárdica y el arresto cardíaco. Tomando como base los reportes anteriores y los avances en la circulación extracorpórea y en la fisiología cardíaca y coronaria, se ha desarrollado en la clínica Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de la ciudad de Cali, una técnica quirúrgica para cirugía valvular y cierre de los defectos septales, con el corazón latiendo en circulación extracorpórea, con clampeo aórtico y perfusión sanguínea continua en forma anterógrada por la raíz de la aorta o retrógrada a través del seno coronario. En este artículo se describen los procedimientos y se presentan los resultados obtenidos en los doce pacientes iniciales. Igualmente, se discuten sus ventajas e inconvenientes y se hacen conclusiones con expectativas futuras.
